Modelling connection trips to long-distance travel

Connection trips is often an important part of long-distance travel, especially for air travel. Models of long-distance travel would therefore benefit from a more detailed representation of the connection part. In this paper it is however shown that most models of connection trips are stand-alone models not integrated with the model for main mode. Only a handful models that integrate connection trip modelling into a large-scale transport model for long-distance travel are found. The connection trip models are classified into different types using a typology developed within the paper. The typology identifies nine model types that differ in how access/egress mode choice and terminal choice are handled. The scarce literature on connection trip modelling within large-scale transport modelling systems call for more research regarding detailed representation of access/egress mode choice and terminal choice, especially regarding the trade-off between model complexity and detailed representation, as well as whether the detailed representation of connection trips should primarily be conducted within the public transport network assignment or on the demand modelling side.