Optimization of a dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method for the analysis of benzotriazoles and benzothiazoles in water samples

A simple and rapid dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method has been developed for the determination of 11 benzotriazoles and benzothiazoles in water samples. Tri-n-butylphosphate (TBP) was used as extractant, thus avoiding the use of toxic water-immiscible chlorinated solvents. The influence of several variables (e.g., type and volume of dispersant and extraction solvents, sample pH, ionic strength, etc.) on the performance of the sample preparation step was systematically evaluated. Analytical determinations were carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence and UV detection and liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. The optimized method exhibited a good precision level with relative standard deviation values between 3.7% and 8.4%. Extraction yields ranging from 67% to 97% were obtained for all of these considered compounds. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of benzotriazoles and benzothiazoles in real water samples (tap, river, industrial waters, and treated and raw wastewaters).