Toward a knowledge-based conceptualization of internationalization

This conceptual paper contributes to the internationalization literature in response to previous criticisms by enabling the integration of apparently contradictory strands of the literature and incorporation of the potential role of the Internet. Knowledge is at the core of received wisdom on internationalization. This is consistent with the notion that internationalization represents an innovation of the firm and often entails decision-making under conditions of uncertainty, for both of which knowledge is vital. Given the link between knowledge and internationalization, apparent tensions in the literature can be resolved by recognizing its different types, consequently varying roles and diverse sources. Furthermore, network relationships - of growing significance in the literature - yield social capital, which in turn leads to knowledge acquisition and creation; thus it is worthwhile to integrate knowledge and social capital perspectives. Finally, consistent with the knowledge-based approach adopted in the paper, the application of Internet technology is conceptualized in terms of information effects viz., information dissemination, acquisition and sharing which could lead to, respectively, enhanced internationalization, knowledge and social capital. © 2005 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc.