Numerical simulation of the impacts of reflected tsunami waves on Pulo Raya Island during the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami

There are numerous small populated islands near western Sumatra in Indonesia. The Weh, Banyak, Mentawai, and Enggano islands are home to many Indonesians. These small islands have been found to be effective at reducing tsunami wave energy on several occasions. At the same time, they are situated around Sumatras active subduction zone and are often among the areas most affected by tsunamisas in the case of Pulo Raya Island, in the western Aceh Jaya district about 800 m from Sumatra. Pulo Raya was devastated by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. This study investigates the hydrodynamic processes of reflected tsunami waves and their impact on Pulo Raya, using a Cornell Multi-grid COupled Tsunami (COMCOT) model to simulate the tsunami wave runup and subsequent hydrodynamic processes. The simulation confirms eyewitness accounts that it was not the initial runup, but the reflected waves that devastated the worst-hit areas of the island. As a result, we can recommend that governments and communities on small islands need to anticipate the impacts of reflected waves following a tsunami, especially at lee side of of the island that was perceived to be a safer place by the island community before the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.