The TGF-β superfamily members have important roles in controlling patterning and tissue formation in both invertebrates and vertebrates. Two types of signal transducers, receptors and Smads, mediate the signaling to regulate expression of their target genes. Despite of the relatively simple signal transduction pathway, many modulators have been found to contribute to a tight regulation of this pathway in a variety of mechanisms. This article reviews the negative regulation of TGF-β signaling with focus on its roles in vertebrate development.
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Univ Tokyo, Inst Mol & Cellular Biosci, Lab Mol & Genet Informat, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130032, JapanUniv Tokyo, Inst Mol & Cellular Biosci, Lab Mol & Genet Informat, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130032, Japan
Sekiya, T
Oda, T
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Univ Tokyo, Inst Mol & Cellular Biosci, Lab Mol & Genet Informat, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130032, JapanUniv Tokyo, Inst Mol & Cellular Biosci, Lab Mol & Genet Informat, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130032, Japan
Oda, T
Matsuura, K
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Univ Tokyo, Inst Mol & Cellular Biosci, Lab Mol & Genet Informat, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130032, JapanUniv Tokyo, Inst Mol & Cellular Biosci, Lab Mol & Genet Informat, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130032, Japan
Matsuura, K
Akiyama, T
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Univ Tokyo, Inst Mol & Cellular Biosci, Lab Mol & Genet Informat, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130032, JapanUniv Tokyo, Inst Mol & Cellular Biosci, Lab Mol & Genet Informat, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130032, Japan