Moist convection as an energy source for the large-scale motions in Jupiter's atmosphere

Jupiter's dominant large-scale weather patterns (dimensions ∼10,000 km) are zonal jets and long-lived ovals. The jets have been flowing east and west at constant speeds of up to 180 m s-1 for over 100 years1,2,3. These jets receive energy from small-scale eddies, which pump1 eastward momentum into the eastward jets and westward momentum into the westward jets. This momentum transfer was predicted by numerical models4 before it was observed on Jupiter1. The large ovals roll between the jets in an anticyclonic direction5—clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere—where they regularly assimilate small anticyclonic eddies5,6. But from where the eddies receive their energy has been an open question. Here we argue that the eddies, which ultimately drive both the jets and the ovals, receive their energy from moist convection. This hypothesis is consistent with observations of jovian lightning7,8,9, which is an indicator of moist convection10,11. It also explains the anticyclonic rotation and poleward drift of the eddies5, and suggests patterns of upwelling and downwelling that resemble the patterns of large-scale axisymmetric overturning in the Earth's atmosphere.