Refining the Meta-Theory of Common Factors in Couple and Family Therapy: a Deductive Qualitative Analysis Study

Common factors in couple and family therapy (CFT) have been discussed theoretically and clinically, with limited direct empirical support for CFT-specific common factors. The purpose of this study was to empirically examine the meta-theory of common factors unique to CFT. To do so, we used deductive qualitative analysis (DQA), a methodology suited for research that aims to evaluate, refine, and expand existing theory. Our sample consisted of fourteen (n = 14) video-recorded therapy sessions (videos and transcripts) conducted by therapists with expertise in seven CFT models: Bowenian family therapy, emotionally focused therapy, experiential therapy, narrative therapy, solution-focused brief therapy, strategic therapy, and structural family therapy. Following the procedures of DQA, we conducted an in-depth analysis of the data using CFT common factors as sensitizing constructs (deductive), along with open (inductive), focused, and theoretical coding. Results show (a) strong support for certain previously identified CFT common factors (expanded direct treatment system, expanded therapeutic alliance), and (b) partial support for and refinement of other CFT common factors (conceptualizing and reframing difficulties in relational terms, facilitating constructive interactions, and valuing clients’ perspectives). Results also support the moderate view of CFT common factors – that they work through therapy models. This paper offers an empirical examination of common factors in couple and family therapy that clarifies, deepens, and refines previous iterations of CFT common factors. We conclude with a discussion of the results in the context of CFT literature and provide implications for clinical practice, training, and research.