Voluntary medical male circumcision in resource-constrained settings

Voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) reduces heterosexual HIV acquisition; therefore, the WHO has issued recommendations to implement VMMC throughout East and Southern AfricaMost adult VMMCs have been performed using surgical methods such as the forceps-guided, dorsal slit and sleeve resection methodsCompared with surgical methods, devices should aim to make VMMC easier, safer, faster, sutureless, appropriate for administration by nurses, inexpensive, less painful, require less infrastructure and not require follow-up visitsCurrent devices involve use of clamps, elastic collar compression and ligature; surgical instruments that seal the wound with tissue adhesive and devices that cut and staple simultaneously have also been developedDevice-based techniques continue to be optimized but additional research is needed to further harness technological innovations for both conventional surgical and device-based methods to expand the reach of VMMC programmes