Fluid flow over a vertical stretching surface within a porous medium filled by a nanofluid containing gyrotactic microorganisms

In this paper, the boundary layer flow of a nanofluid containing gyrotactic microorganisms over a vertical stretching surface embedded in a porous medium. The fluid contains gyrotactic microorganisms. Nonlinear velocity stretches the surface, and the surface is isothermal. The governing boundary layer equations for steady, laminar, and two-dimensional are transformed into ordinary differential equations using a suitable similarity transformation. The fourth/fifth-order Runge–Kutta method solved the system of equations after linearization. The shooting method guesses the missing boundary conditions. Pertinent results are presented graphically and discussed quantitatively with respect to variation in the controlling parameters such as bioconvection Lewis number (Lb), Lewis number (Le), Peclet Lewis number (Pe), buoyancy ratio parameter (Nr), bioconvection Rayleigh number(Rb), Brownian motion parameter (Nb), thermophoresis parameter (Nt), Richardson number (Ri), motile parameter (σ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\sigma$$\end{document}), porosity parameter (λ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\user2{ }\lambda$$\end{document}), and Prandtl number (Pr) on dimensionless velocity, temperature, nanoparticle concentration, and microorganisms conservation. It is observed that increasing the porosity parameter retards the thermal boundary layer thickness which from application point of view, it is obvious that the surface cooling effect is enhanced and thus nanofluids are appropriate as heat transfer fluids. The comparison with the previous validates the applied numerical scheme.