Neurofeedback in Substance Use and Overeating: Current Applications and Future Directions

Purpose of the Review: Substance use and overeating share phenomenological and neurophysiological characteristics. Researchers suggested that both dysfunctional behaviors may be improved with brain-directed treatments. This paper reviews 21 recent studies with applications of neurofeedback—an established brain-directed treatment technique—in both areas. Recent Findings: While neurofeedback for substance use has a longer tradition, related research in the field of overeating emerged only recently. Encephalographic neurofeedback interventions in both areas show promising effects like reduced craving and psychological improvements. For functional brain imaging neurofeedback, most studies were still feasibility-focused. Participants were enabled to regulate their brain activity but effects on psychological outcomes remain unclear. Summary: Neurofeedback may constitute a promising brain-directed treatment adjunct for substance use and overeating. However, further empirical foundation is needed—especially for functional brain imaging neurofeedback. Well-controlled study designs, comprehensive outcome assessments, and improved physiological methodology would increase our knowledge on the efficacy of this approach. © 2017, Springer International Publishing AG.