Classification of the FRW universe with a cosmological constant and a perfect fluid of the equation of state p = wρ

We systematically study the evolution of the Friedmann–Robertson–Walker (FRW) universe coupled with a cosmological constant Λ and a perfect fluid that has the equation of state p = wρ, where p and ρ denote, respectively, the pressure and energy density of the fluid, and w is an arbitrary real constant. Depending on the specific values of w, Λ, and the curvature k of 3-dimensional space, we separate all of the solutions into various cases. In each case the main properties of the evolution are given in detail, including the periods of deceleration and/or acceleration, and the existence of big bang, big crunch, and big rip singularities. In some cases, errors in classification and interpretation appearing in standard textbooks have been corrected.