Early chronic kidney disease: diagnosis, management and models of care

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with early-onset cardiovascular disease, end-stage renal disease and premature deathPatients with mild-to-moderate reductions in estimated glomerular filtration rates often have comorbidities that are more relevant to their current and future well-being than a CKD diagnosisAn integrated care pathway is required for patients with CKDA growing number of experiences from different countries have shown that primary care models can lead to improvements in cardiovascular and renal health outcomes among CKD patientsMore research into early identification, screening, monitoring and management strategies for CKD is required; this research should include the establishment of CKD registries to permit health–economic analyses