Containerless solidification of germanium by electromagnetic levitation and in a drop-tube

Containerless solidification of germanium has been realized by electromagnetic levitation and drop-tube processing, respectively. The effect of undercooling in the range of 40–426 K on the as-solidified structures of levitation melted Ge drops (∼8.4 mm diameter) was investigated. For undercoolings less than 300 K, the lamellar twins were grown, whereas a microstructural transition to equiaxed grains was observed at undercoolings ≥300 K. Further increasing the undercooling to 400 K, a significant reduction in grain size was achieved. In addition to a similar microstructural development among the particles solidified during free fall in a 8.5 m drop-tube, high-undercooling-induced single crystals were found for some droplets less than 200 μm in diameter. The results on the transition from twins to fine equiaxed grains are accounted for by theories of solidification kinetics and a dendrite break-up model.