Mesoarchean gabbroanorthosite magmatism of the Kola region: Petrochemical, geochronological, and isotope-geochemical data

The paper presents results of petrochemical, geochemical, and isotope-geochemical study of the Patchemvarek and Severnyi gabbroanorthosite massifs of the Kola Peninsula. It was shown that the rocks of these massifs differ from the gabbroanorthosite massifs of the Neoarchean Keivy-Kolmozero Complex in the more calcic composition (70–85% An) of normative plagioclase, and low contents of TiO2, FeO, and Fe2O3. In terms of chemical composition, the gabbroanorthosites of the studied massifs are close to the rocks of the Fiskenässet Complex (Southwestern Greenland) and to the anorthosites of the Vermillion Lake Complex (Canada). U-Pb zircon dating established Mesoarchean ages of 2925 ± 7 and 2935 ± 8 Ma for the gabbroan-orthosites of the Patchemvarek and Severnyi massifs, respectively. It was shown that the gabbroanorthosites of the studied massifs have fairly low REE contents (Cen = 2.2−4.2, Ybn = 1.6−2.6) and distinct positive Eu anomaly. Comagmatic ultrabasic differentiates have practically unfractionated REE pattern, low total REE contents (Cen = 1.2, Ybn = 1.1, La/Ybn = 1.3), and no Eu anomaly. The studied samples of the Archean gabbroanorthosites are characterized by positive εNd = +2.68 for the gabbroanorthosites of the Severnyi Massif and from + 2.77 to + 1.66 for the Patchemvarek Massif. Initial strontium isotope ratios are 87Sr/86Sri = 0.70204 ± 8 and 87Sr/86Sri = 0.70258 ± 8 for the rocks of the Severnyi and Patchemvarek massifs, respectively. Our study showed that the obtained U-Pb zircon ages for the gabbroanorthosites of the Patchemvarek and Severnyi massifs represent the oldest date for the Kola peninsula, thus marking the oldest, Mesoarchean stage in the evolution of region. The differences in the initial 143Nd/144Nd ratios between the Neoarchean gabbroanorthosites of the Keivy-Kolmozero Complex and the Mesoarchean gabbroanorthosites of the studied massifs suggest the existence of two mantle sources. One of them produced intrusions with an age of 2.67–2.66 Ga, while other was responsible for the formation of massifs with an age of 2.93–2.92 Ga. The composition and temperature of “parental” melt of the gabbroanorthosites were simulated using COMAGMAT-3.5 program. According to the calculations, the parental melt represented aluminous basalt, whose differentiation at T = 1280°C and P = 7 kbar at the crust-mantle boundary was accompanied by plagioclase floatation and formation of “crystal mesh” that produced anorthosite complexes. The gabbroanorthosies of the Patchemvarek and Severnyi massifs were presumably derived from MORB-type basalts of oceanic settings, while the Tsaga, Achinskii, and other anorthosite massifs of the Neoarchean age were generated from subalkaline magma formed in within-plate anorogenic setting. Sm-Nd isotope data suggest the existence of several mantle sources in the Kola region, which produced melts for different-age gabbroanorthosite massifs since Mesoarchean to the middle Paleoproterozoic. The Archean-Early Proterozoic anorthosite magmatism of the Kola region records a complete cycle (∼ 800 Ma) of the formation and consolidation of continental block.