Photocatalytic and electrocatalytic approaches towards atmospheric nitrogen reduction to ammonia under ambient conditions

Ammonia production is essential for sustaining the demand for providing food for the growing population. Being a great source of hydrogen, it has significant potential in turning out to be a viable candidate for the future hydrogen economy. Ammonia has a high hydrogen content of about 17.6 wt %, is easier to liquefy and is produced in large quantities. Even though large-scale production of ammonia is significant globally, it is used predominantly as a fertilizer. It used also as a transport fuel for vehicles because of its low carbon emissions. Ammonia as an energy storage media is realized in many countries with infrastructure for transportation and distribution already put into place. Currently, the Haber–Bosch process is employed globally in industrial ammonia production and is a high energy expending process requiring large capital investment. In realizing a much economic pathway given the large-scale ammonia production growth forecast, it is necessary to seek new and improved methods for large-scale ammonia production. Amongst them, photoelectrochemical and electrochemical approaches stand as most promising towards nitrogen reduction to ammonia owing to their design features, lesser complexity, and economical in terms of the conventional ammonia production system. Several catalyst materials are investigated which include metal oxides, metals sulfides, carbon-based catalysts, and metal nitrides are all currently being pursued better utilization of their catalytic property towards nitrogen fixation and the minimization of the competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In this article, we have summarized the design and reaction mechanisms for photoelectrochemical and electrochemical nitrogen fixation with the inherent challenges and material- related issues in realizing the Nitrogen Reduction Reaction (NRR).