Cosmological tests and the evolution of extragalactic objects

The results of several cosmographic tests of the standard ΛCDM model taking into account evolution and a “tired-light” model without evolution are compared. Physical tests and observations of the microwave background are also considered. Arguments supporting each of these models are presented. The general conclusion is that it is not possible to unambiguously identify a preferred cosmological model based on the currently available observational data. The nature of the redshift of spectral lines emitted by extragalactic objects is discussed. Possibilities for further studies are also briefly noted.