Urban hazmat transportation with multi-factor

In this paper, an urban hazmat transportation problem considering multiple factors that tangle with real-world applications (i.e., weather conditions, traffic conditions, population density, time window, link closure and half link closure) is investigated. Based on multiple depot capacitated vehicle routing problem, we provide a multi-level programming formulation for urban hazmat transportation. To obtain the Pareto optimal solution, an improved biogeography-based optimization (improved BBO) algorithm is designed, comparing with the original BBO and genetic algorithm, with both simulated numerical examples and a real-world case study, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed approach.