Prospective study of smoking, antioxidant intake, and lung cancer in middle-aged women (USA)

Background: Although substantial evidence suggests that higher intake of fruits and vegetables can reduce the adverse impact of smoking on lung cancer risk, great uncertainty exists regarding the specific foods and their constituents that are protective. We therefore examine prospectively the relation between cigarette smoking and lung cancer incidence among women, and quantify the associations between dietary antioxidants, other nutrients, and lung cancer risk.