Lowering the radioactivity of the photomultiplier tubes for the XENON1T dark matter experiment

被引：0
|
作者：
E. Aprile
F. Agostini
M. Alfonsi
L. Arazi
K. Arisaka
F. Arneodo
M. Auger
C. Balan
P. Barrow
L. Baudis
B. Bauermeister
A. Behrens
P. Beltrame
A. Brown
E. Brown
S. Bruenner
G. Bruno
R. Budnik
L. Bütikofer
J. M. R. Cardoso
D. Coderre
A. P. Colijn
H. Contreras
J. P. Cussonneau
M. P. Decowski
A. Di Giovanni
E. Duchovni
S. Fattori
A. D. Ferella
A. Fieguth
W. Fulgione
M. Galloway
M. Garbini
C. Geis
L. W. Goetzke
C. Grignon
E. Gross
W. Hampel
R. Itay
F. Kaether
G. Kessler
A. Kish
H. Landsman
R. F. Lang
M. Le Calloch
D. Lellouch
L. Levinson
C. Levy
S. Lindemann
M. Lindner
机构：
[1] Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso,Physics Department
[2] Columbia University,Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics
[3] INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso and Gran Sasso Science Institute,Physics and Astronomy Department
[4] Nikhef and the University of Amsterdam,Physik
[5] Weizmann Institute of Science,Institut
[6] University of California,Department of Physics
[7] New York University Abu Dhabi,Institut für Physik & Exzellenzcluster PRISMA
[8] University of Zurich,Department of Physics and Astronomy
[9] University of Coimbra,Department of Physics, Applied Physics and Astronomy
[10] Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz,Institut für Kernphysik
[11] Purdue University,Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics
[12] Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute,Subatech, Ecole des Mines de Nantes, CNRS/In2p3
[13] Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik,Department of Physics and Astrophysics
[14] Wilhelms-Universität Münster,Department of Physics and Astronomy
[15] University of Bern,undefined
[16] Université de Nantes,undefined
[17] University of Bologna and INFN-Bologna,undefined
[18] INFN-Torino and Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino,undefined
[19] Rice University,undefined
[20] University of Edinburgh,undefined
[21] IFIC,undefined
[22] CSIC-Universidad de Valencia,undefined
来源：
The European Physical Journal C | 2015年 / 75卷
关键词：
Dark Matter; Radioactive Contamination; Time Projection Chamber; Gamma Line; Liquid Xenon;
D O I：
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中图分类号：
学科分类号：
摘要：
The low-background, VUV-sensitive 3-inch diameter photomultiplier tube R11410 has been developed by Hamamatsu for dark matter direct detection experiments using liquid xenon as the target material. We present the results from the joint effort between the XENON collaboration and the Hamamatsu company to produce a highly radio-pure photosensor (version R11410-21) for the XENON1T dark matter experiment. After introducing the photosensor and its components, we show the methods and results of the radioactive contamination measurements of the individual materials employed in the photomultiplier production. We then discuss the adopted strategies to reduce the radioactivity of the various PMT versions. Finally, we detail the results from screening 286 tubes with ultra-low background germanium detectors, as well as their implications for the expected electronic and nuclear recoil background of the XENON1T experiment.
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