Targeted therapies for renal cell carcinoma

Emerging treatments for renal cell carcinoma (RCC), including kinase inhibitors, checkpoint inhibitors, and combinations of these new agents, are improving outcomes for patientsA need for biomarkers of response to treatment and tools to personalize RCC care has emerged owing to the expanding number of available therapeutic optionsAlternatives to needle biopsy, such as cell free DNA and circulating tumour cells might be needed to address the dynamic and heterogeneous nature of cancer to optimize treatment personalizationPerioperative systemic therapy is being actively studied as an adjunct to nephrectomy in the management of locally advanced RCC but remains investigational at this timeThe rising cost of effective agents and the growing interest in combinatorial approaches require that, in addition to efficacy and toxicity, value is taken into account in formal frameworks