Effect of SnOx film on the bonding of titanium–porcelain

The SnOx film was deposited on titanium by sol–gel dipping process. After drying at 80 °C for 5 h, the films were treated for 10 min at different temperature. A thin and coherent SnOx film with small spherical pores obtained at 300 °C served as an effective oxygen diffusion barrier and improved titanium–porcelain adhesion. The SnOx film changed the fracture mode of the titanium–porcelain system and improved the mechanical and chemical bonding between porcelain and titanium, resulted in the increased bonding strength of titanium–porcelain.