Amorphous and nanograins in the bonding zone of explosive cladding

The amorphous and nanograins in the bonding zone of the titanium/titanium explosive cladding were investigated by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The nanograins with perfect crystal structure range from 2 to 50 nm in diameter were in coherent with the matrix. While the amorphous were in the state of the long-range disorder and coexisted with the nanograins. The formation of the amorphous and the nanograins as well as their coexisting were due to the high cooling rate (range from 3.55 × 106 to 7.8 × 106 K/s at the amorphous transition temperature) within the bonding zone, and the high pressure as well as the high shear stress during the explosive cladding.