The SLC38 family of sodium–amino acid co-transporters

Transporters of the SLC38 family are found in all cell types of the body. They mediate Na+-dependent net uptake and efflux of small neutral amino acids. As a result they are particularly expressed in cells that grow actively, or in cells that carry out significant amino acid metabolism, such as liver, kidney and brain. SLC38 transporters occur in membranes that face intercellular space or blood vessels, but do not occur in the apical membrane of absorptive epithelia. In the placenta, they play a significant role in the transfer of amino acids to the foetus. Members of the SLC38 family are highly regulated in response to amino acid depletion, hypertonicity and hormonal stimuli. SLC38 transporters play an important role in amino acid signalling and have been proposed to act as transceptors independent of their transport function. The structure of SLC38 transporters is characterised by the 5 + 5 inverted repeat fold, which is observed in a wide variety of transport proteins.