Common iatrogenic pleural complications

All invasive pleural procedures have the potential to cause harm. Complications from pleural procedures include empyema, intercostal artery laceration, hemothorax, and pneumothorax as well as other organ puncture. Many of these complications will be life threatening and will increase morbidity and hospital length of stay. An understanding of iatrogenic pleural disease helps clinicians to appreciate how these risks can be minimized and complications managed promptly and effectively. This review systematically evaluates the current evidence and guidelines regarding iatrogenic pleural complications and their management. Whilst impossible to eliminate procedural risk entirely, complications will be reduced to a minimum by ensuring adequate medical training, use of pleural ultrasound, and adherence to guidelines and standard operating procedures (SOPs).