Clinical islet cell transplantationAre we there yet?

Diabetes mellitus is perhaps the most devastating chronic disease of all time. A brief history of the evolution of treatment modalities is provided, culminating in the rationale for the physiologic replacement of a functioning β-cell mass by transplantation. Vascularized pancreas transplantation is discussed briefly as an introduction to the transplantation of the isolated islet. A detailed review of the current state of human islet transplantation for the cure of diabetes is then described. Finally, areas for future development are highlighted.