Numerical simulation of particle-laden droplet evaporation with the Marangoni effect

A comprehensive numerical method for analysis of the evaporation of a particle-laden microdroplet is developed including the effects of heat and mass transfer, phase change, dynamic contact angles, Marangoni force, and particle concentration. A level-set method, which can easily handle the liquid-gas interface with change in topology, is employed to solve the conservation equations of mass, momentum and energy in the liquid and gas phases, vapor concentration in the gas phase, and particle concentration in the liquid phase with sharp-interface numerical techniques for the boundary conditions at the interface. The numerical method is applied to microdroplet evaporation on a solid surface to investigate the Marangoni effect on the droplet evaporation and particle distribution.