Is Helicobacter pylori really present in the adenoids of children?

Adenoid hyperplasia is a common cause of nasal obstruction in the pediatric age group. Recently, the adenoids were shown to harbor Helicobacter pylori (HP) based only on the rapid urease test (RUT). We conducted this pilot study to identify the presence of HP in the adenoids histologically and assess the reliability of both the RUT and histology in detecting HP in an extragastric location, using nested (two-steps) polymerase chain reaction (nPCR). Consecutive patients undergoing adenoidectomy for obstructive adenoid hyperplasia were enrolled. Adenoid specimens were subjected to the RUT. Histological sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Giemsa and Warthin-Starry were examined. We then used nPCR to detect the presence of HP in the studied specimens. Twenty-five patients (3–10 years; mean of 5.5 years) were enrolled. Twenty-one (84%) adenoids were positive by the RUT. Seventeen (68%) had bacteria on histological sections; four (16%) contained HP-like organisms. However, all specimens were negative by nPCR. No patient had a history of symptoms suggestive of laryngopharyngeal reflux within 6 months of the study. In conclusion, the children enrolled in this study did not have HP in their adenoids. High false positive results can occur with the RUT when used on adenoid tissues. It is not possible to rely solely on morphology to detect HP in an extragastric location. The nPCR remains the best way to identify HP accurately, but does not imply its presence in an active role.