Chemical surface modification of hydroxyapatite for biomedical application: a review

Many attempts have been made to improve the bioactivity of medical grafts and implants. For its near resemblance to bine and dental materials, hydroxyapatite (HA) is frequently used as a biomaterial to stimulate bone regeneration and is frequently coated on implant surfaces to make them biocompatible. Various research groups are working on a variety of biomaterials in order to induce and even improve bioactivity at the bone-implant interface. A medical implant’s clinical effectiveness is largely determined by the biological response at the interface, as well as the mechanical qualities that are appropriate for the application. The production of HA, as well as innovations and progress in terms of surface modification and their subsequent use in biomedical applications such as cell adhesion, proliferation, bone regeneration, and reconstruction, is discussed in this study.