Voltammetry and Related Electrochemical Methods Based on Low-Cost Instrumentation: a Review from Basic to Advanced

This paper presents a review of voltammetric and related methods implemented with low-cost, mainly lab-made instrumentation. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in developing low-cost electrochemical instrumentation. Advances in electronics and software have made it easier to access high-performance components for the construction of potentiostats. Currently, lab-made instrumentation for electrochemical research can be very simple, with minimal components to perturb the system and record the response signal. It can also be very advanced, using high-performance electronic components and software development. Several authors have presented the feasibility of designing and manufacturing electrochemical instruments for voltammetry, chronoamperometry, chronopotentiometry, and electrodeposition. This review presents some available options, ranging from basic to advanced. The aim is to provide readers with the full range of possibilities for using their own instruments, especially in cases where access to commercial apparatus is difficult or where specific applications are needed, for example in the Internet of Things or artificial intelligence.