Spin Degree of Freedom and Tunneling through a Quantum Dot

A review is given on theoretical studies of roles of the spindegree of freedom in transport through a quantum dot with thetotal spin S for N electrons and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} $$\tilde S$$ \end{document} for N+1electrons in the ground state. The conductance and the phasecoherency are expressed in terms of universal functions ofS, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} $$\tilde S$$ \end{document}, and the spin splitting at small tunnelingrates in the absence of spin-orbit interactions and are shownto exhibit the correlation between tunnelings of electronswith opposite spins and the dephasing due to spin flips.