C-phycocyanin Mitigates Cognitive Impairment in Doxorubicin-Induced Chemobrain: Impact on Neuroinflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Brain Mitochondrial and Synaptic Alterations

Chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment (CICI) is a common detrimental effect of cancer treatment, occurring in up to 75% of cancer patients. The widely utilized chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin (DOX) has been implicated in cognitive decline, mostly via cytokine-induced neuroinflammatory and oxidative and mitochondrial damage to brain tissues. C-phycocyanin (CP) has previously been shown to have potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and mitochondrial protective properties. Therefore, this present study was aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of CP against DOX-elicited cognitive impairment and explore the underlying mechanisms. CP treatment (50 mg/kg) significantly improved behavioral deficits in DOX-treated mice. Furthermore, CP suppressed DOX-induced neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, mitigated mitochondrial abnormalities, rescued dendritic spine loss, and increased synaptic density in the hippocampus of DOX-treated mice. Our results suggested that CP improves established DOX-induced cognitive deficits, which could be explained at least partly by inhibition of neuroinflammatory and oxidant stress and attenuation of mitochondrial and synaptic dysfunction.