Temperature anomalies in the northeastern North Atlantic: Subpolar and subtropical precursors on multiannual time scales

An adjoint ocean general circulation model of the North Atlantic is employed to calculate sensitivities of temperature in the northeastern North Atlantic with respect to atmospheric nonlocal fluxes and ocean state variables at prior times, up to 7 yr. Maximum sensitivities cross the Atlantic from east to west within 3 to 4 yr. On this interannual time scale, advection of temperature perturbations by the climatological flow is suggested as the prime mechanism responsible for SST perturbations in the northeastern North Atlantic. The pathway of sensitivities lies preferentially beneath the surface and can be understood in terms of the reemergence mechanism. This provides the link between local forcing, mainly by heat flux in winter, and resurfacing of perturbations at remote locations. On the multiannual to decadal time scale, the western subpolar gyre plays a key role: negative temperature sensitivities that evolve in parallel with positive salinity sensitivities in the Labrador and Irminger Seas give rise to pressure gradients and velocity perturbations that have effects on SST by modifying the oceanic heat transport into the northeastern North Atlantic. Together with additional influence from the Tropics and the subtropical gyre on time scales of 5 yr and beyond, these sensitivities combine to make a plethora of time scales that play a role in shaping SST perturbations in the North Atlantic.