Framing and the public agenda: Media effects on the importance of the federal budget deficit

What explains the shift in public opinion over time on the issue of the 1996 U.S, federal budget? Public opinion polls demonstrate dramatic shifts in the percentage of people considering the budget issue to be the most important problem facing the country from November 1994 through April 1996. In this article, we model Roper Center opinion polls against a prediction of opinion from media content to investigate how media coverage affects the importance assigned to the budget issue. We identify four dominant frames present in media coverage of the budget issue and argue that a model combining the theories of agenda setting and framing provides a better explanation for the shifts in aggregate opinion than either theory on its own. By combining framing with the traditional agenda-setting approach, we take into account the nuances of coverage within the issue, in addition to the sheer amount of coverage, for a more complete explanation of media effects on public opinion on the issue of the federal budget.