Incidence of Emergency Department Presentations of Symptomatic Stone Disease in Pediatric Patients: A Southeastern Study

Background The incidence of nephrolithiasis during childhood has increased significantly over recent decades. Some studies indicate a rapid rise in adolescents, particularly in African American women. This study serves to identify trends in symptomatic pediatric nephrolithiasis presentations to the emergency department (ED) as a result of increasing incidence and to determine associations between demographic variables at our single-site tertiary pediatric hospital in the Southeast United States. Methods After IRB approval, a review of the data provided by the Pediatric Health Information System, a pediatric database that includes clinical and resource utilization data for 51 of the largest children's hospitals in the nation, yielded 644 pediatric occurrences of nephrolithiasis at single-site emergency departments from 2006 to 2020. The percent change and average percent change in three-year intervals were calculated to establish a trend over time. A chi-square test of independence was performed to assess associations between race, gender, and age groups. Results A total of 780 stone occurrences and associated patient demographic data were reviewed for 644 children (364, 56.52% female) with median age of 183 +/- 45.11 months (9-397 months). Of the 644 children, 79 (12.3%) were noted to have recurrent symptomatic nephrolithiasis, contributing to 136/780 stone events. There was a marked increase of 84.4% in confirmed pediatric nephrolithiasis occurrences over 15 years, with an average percent increase of 16.1% every three years. A Chi(2) test of independence was performed between gender and age group (>/< 10yr), gender and race, and race and age group. No expected cell frequencies were less than five. There is no statistically significant relationship between gender and age group, chi 2 (1, N=644) = 3.30, p=0.692. There is no significant association between race (Caucasian vs. non-Caucasian) and age group (>/< 10yr), chi(2) (1, N=644) = 0.393, p=0.531. There is a statistically significant relationship between gender and race (Caucasian vs. non-Caucasian), chi(2) (1, N=644) = 5.28, p=0.021. Caucasian females were more likely to present to our tertiary pediatric hospital's emergency department with nephrolithiasis than Caucasian males or non-Caucasian males or females. Additionally, our data reflected a greater percentage of symptomatic nephrolithiasis presentations occurred in the second decade of life (85.4% vs 14.3%, 552 vs 92 stone events). Conclusion Based on our data, there is a marked increase of 84.4% in pediatric nephrolithiasis occurrences from 2006 to 2020, with a mean increase of 16.1% every three years at our single-site tertiary referral pediatric hospital in the Southeast. Among demographic groups, white adolescent females have an increased risk of developing kidney stones.