α-TiPO4 as a Negative Electrode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries

To realize high-power performance, lithium-ion batteries require stable, environmentally benign, and economically viable noncarbonaceous anode materials capable of operating at high rates with low strain during charge-discharge. In this paper, we report the synthesis, crystal structure, and electrochemical properties of a new titanium-based member of the MPO4 phosphate series adopting the alpha-CrPO4 structure type. alpha-TiPO4 has been obtained by thermal decomposition of a novel hydrothermally prepared fluoride phosphate, NH4 TiPO4F, at 600 degrees C under a hydrogen atmosphere. The crystal structure of alpha-TiPO4 is refined from powder X-ray diffraction data using a Rietveld method and verified by electron diffraction and high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy, whereas the chemical composition is confirmed by IR, energy-dispersive X-ray, electron paramagnetic resonance, and electron energy loss spectroscopies. Carbon-coated alpha-TiPO4/C demonstrates reversible electrochemical activity ascribed to the Ti3+/Ti2+ redox transition delivering 125 mAh g(-1) specific capacity at C/10 in the 1.0-3.1 V versus Li+/Li potential range with an average potential of similar to 1.5 V, exhibiting good rate capability and stable cycling with volume variation not exceeding 0.5%. Below 0.8 V, the material undergoes a conversion reaction, further revealing capacitive reversible electrochemical behavior with an average specific capacity of 270 mAh g(-)(1) at 1C in the 0.7-2.9 V versus L+/Li potential range. This work suggests a new synthesis route to metastable titanium-containing phosphates holding prospective to be used as negative electrode materials for metal-ion batteries.