Efficacy and safety of digoxin in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction according to diabetes status: An analysis of the Digitalis Investigation Group (DIG) trial

Background: Digoxin is recommended in symptomatic heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction (HI -REF) in sinus rhythm and refractory to other evidence-based therapy. Although HI -REF patients with diabetes have worse functional status than those without, the effects of digoxin have not been specifically evaluated according to diabetes status. Methods: We examined the efficacy and safety of digoxin in HI -REF patients with and without diabetes in the Digitalis Investigation Group trial. Mortality from all-cause, cardiovascular (CV) causes and heart failure (HI), along with HI hospitalisation and suspected digoxin toxicity were analyzed according to diabetes status and randomised treatment assignment. Results: Of the 6800 patients, those with diabetes (n = 1933) were older, more often women, had worse clinical status and more co-morbidity than those without diabetes. All-cause and CV mortality were higher in patients with diabetes than in those without and digoxin did not reduce mortality in either sub-group. The rate of HF hospitalization (per 100 person-years) in patients with diabetes was higher than in those without and was reduced by digoxin in both patient groups: diabetes - placebo 20.5 and digoxin 16.0 (HR 0.79, 95% Cl: 0.68-0.91); no diabetes - placebo 12.7 and digoxin 8.7 (HR 0.69, 0.62-077); interaction p - 0.14. Suspected digoxin toxicity in patients randomised to digoxin was more common among patients with diabetes than without (6.5% versus 5.8%), as was hospitalisation for digoxin toxicity (14% versus 0.8%). Conclusion: Added to an ACE inhibitor, digoxin reduced HF hospitalisation in HF-REF patients with and without diabetes without a substantial risk of toxicity. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.