An Emergency Department Clinical Algorithm to Increase Early Palliative Care Consultation: Pilot Project

Introduction: The emergency department (ED) is a primary entry point of hospitals but does not have a system to identify and consult palliative care (PC) early in patients who meet criteria. Objectives: To determine the measurable effects of an ED PC consultation on patients who meet criteria, hypothesizing that ED PC consultation would lead to decreased average length of stay (ALOS), average direct cost per patient, decreased number of surgeries, and radiological tests performed per patient. Materials and Methods: A physician-led data-driven evidence-based algorithm was designed and piloted with implementation in two hospitals during January-March 2019 in Orlando, FL. A retrospective review of health record data was completed, comparing patients receiving PC consultation ordered in the ED versus those ordered after admission. Results: ED patients (n = 662) met PC criteria. PC consultation was ordered in ED for 80 (12.1%) cases. The following outcomes were lower for patients who received ED PC consultation than those who did not: ALOS by 6.4 days (6.74 vs. 13.14 days; p < 0.001), in-hospital mortality (12.5% vs. 19.1%; p = 0.11), surgery (11% vs. 37%; p < 0.01), radiological tests per patient (4.01 vs. 10.57; p < 0.001), and average direct cost per patient ($7,193 vs. $22,354). However, 30-day hospital revisit rates were relatively higher in those who did receive ED PC consultation than those who did not (20% vs. 13% p = 0.15). Conclusions: In this pilot project, PC patients can be identified in the ED with an algorithm that leads to earlier consultation and improved patient outcomes. Larger research trials are needed to replicate this strategy and results.