Negotiating Indigenous knowledge at the science-policy interface: Insights from the Xaxli'p Community Forest

Despite increasing interest in learning from Indigenous communities, efforts to involve Indigenous knowledge in environmental policy-making are often fraught with contestations over knowledge, values, and interests. Using the co-production of knowledge and social order Uasanoff, 2004), this case study seeks to understand how some Indigenous communities are engaging in science-policy negotiations by linking traditional ecological knowledge (TEK), western science, and other knowledge systems. The analysis follows twenty years of Indigenous forest management negotiations between the Xaxli'p community and the Ministry of Forests in British Columbia (B.C.), Canada, which resulted in the Xaxli'p Community Forest (XCF). The XCF is an eco-cultural restoration initiative that established an exclusive forest tenure for Xaxli'p over the majority of their aboriginal territory-a political shift that was co-produced with new articulations of Xaxli'p knowledge. This research seeks to understand knowledge co-production with Indigenous communities, and suggests that existing knowledge integration concepts are insufficient to address ongoing challenges with power asymmetries and Indigenous knowledge. Rather, this work proposes interpreting XCF knowledge production strategies through the framework of "Indigenous articulations," where Indigenous peoples self-determine representations of their identities and interests in a contemporary socio-political context. This work has broader implications for considering. how Indigenous knowledge is shaping science-policy negotiations, and vice versa. (C) 2017 The Author. Published by Elsevier Ltd.