Depressive symptoms and glycaemic control in adults with type 1 diabetes: an exploratory study on the role of family functioning

Aims Psychological distress and family functioning have a considerable impact on diabetes self-management and glycaemic control in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, the influence of both individual and family factors on glycaemic control has not been adequately investigated yet. This study aimed at examining the relationship between perceived family functioning and depressive symptoms with the frequency of capillary self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) and glycaemic control (HbA(1c)) in a large sample of adults with T1D. Methods In a cross-sectional study design, we consecutively enrolled 90 adults with T1D diagnosis from at least 1 year and currently living in their family of origin or conjugal family from at least 1 year before the enrolment. Questionnaires were administered to assess family functioning and depressive symptoms. The SMBG frequency over the past 3 months and the most recent HbA(1c) measurement were also collected in each individual. Correlation and mediation analyses were carried out. Results Glycaemic control showed a positive relationship with depressive symptoms and family balanced cohesion, while SMBG frequency was correlated with family balanced flexibility and rigidity, but not with depressive symptoms. Mediation analyses showed that family rigidity mediates the effect of depressive symptoms on glycaemic control. Conclusions This exploratory study highlighted the significance of a cohesive family context to facilitate the achievement of individual glycaemic goals in individuals with T1D. These observations, if confirmed in larger data sets, would timely call for a comprehensive family care assessment as part of the evaluations routinely carried out in the ambulatory care of these individuals.