Ice accretion for ships and offshore structures. Part 1-State of the art review

Marine ice accretion creates a hazardous condition to mariners serving in the cold regions. Sea spray generated by the ship-wave interaction is one of the main contributing factors to icing. Numerous research has been conducted to predict the amount of spray and the distribution of icing on the deck of the vessels or offshore structures. The research includes field trials, physical model tests, and the development of analytical and numerical prediction models. This two-series paper presents a state-of-the-art review of existing literature related to ice accretion on vessels and offshore structures. In part one (current paper), the physics of ice accretion described in the literature is compiled to form a complete understanding of the subject. Various icing prediction models are critically reviewed. The paper also reviews the international codes and critiques the standards for ice accretion estimation for various types and sizes of vessels. It also contrasts rule-based icing estimation with the current trend in icing prediction models. The paper concludes by discussing some aspects of improved ice accretion prediction models to balance between class rules and research outcomes that may be particularly relevant for larger vessels and offshore structures.