The EXTraS project: Exploring the X-ray transient and variable sky

被引：15

作者：

De Luca, A. ^{[1
,2
]}

Salvaterra, R. ^{[1
]}

Belfiore, A. ^{[1
]}

Carpano, S. ^{[3
]}

D'Agostino, D. ^{[4
]}

Haberl, F. ^{[3
]}

Israel, G. L. ^{[5
]}

Law-Green, D. ^{[6
]}

Lisini, G. ^{[7
]}

Marelli, M. ^{[1
]}

Novara, G. ^{[7
]}

Read, A. M. ^{[6
]}

Rodriguez-Castillo, G. ^{[5
]}

Rosen, S. R. ^{[6
,8
]}

Salvetti, D. ^{[1
]}

Tiengo, A. ^{[1
,2
,7
]}

Vianello, G. ^{[9
]}

Watson, M. G. ^{[6
]}

Delvaux, C. ^{[3
]}

Dickens, T. ^{[6
]}

Esposito, P. ^{[1
,7
]}

Greiner, J. ^{[3
]}

Haemmerle, H. ^{[3
]}

Kreikenbohm, A. ^{[10
]}

Kreykenbohm, S. ^{[10
]}

Oertel, M. ^{[10
]}

Pizzocaro, D. ^{[1
]}

Pye, J. P. ^{[6
]}

Sandrelli, S. ^{[11
]}

Stelzer, B. ^{[12
,13
]}

Wilms, J. ^{[10
]}

Zagaria, F. ^{[7
,14
]}

机构：

[1] Ist Astrofis Spaziale & Fis Cosm Milano, INAF, Via A Corti 12, I-20133 Milan, Italy

[2] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Pavia, Via A Bassi 6, I-27100 Pavia, Italy

[3] Max Planck Inst Ffir Extraterr Phys, Giessenbachstr 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany

[4] CNR, Ist Elettron & Ingn Informaz & Telecomunicaz, Via Marini 6, I-16149 Genoa, Italy

[5] INAF, Osservatorio Astron Roma, Via Frascati 33, I-00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy

[6] Univ Leicester, Sch Phys & Astron, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England

[7] Scuola Univ Super IUSS Pavia, Piazza Vittoria 15, I-27100 Pavia, Italy

[8] European Space Astron Ctr ESA ESAC, Operat Dept, Madrid 28692, Spain

[9] Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, CA 94305 USA

[10] Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Dr Karl Remeis Observ & Erlangen Ctr Astroparticl, Sternwartstr 7, D-96049 Bamberg, Germany

[11] INAF, Osservatorio Astron Brera, Via Brera 28, I-20121 Milan, Italy

[12] Eberhard Karls Univ Tubingen, Inst Astron & Astrophys, Sand 1, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany

[13] INAF Osservatorio Astron Palermo, Piazza Parlamento 1, I-90134 Palermo, Italy

[14] Univ Cambridge, Inst Astron, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0HA, England

来源：

ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS | 2021年 / 650卷

关键词：

X-rays: general; methods: data analysis; astronomical databases: miscellaneous; catalogs; NEWTON SERENDIPITOUS SURVEY; PHOTON IMAGING CAMERA; XMM-NEWTON; SCIENCE GATEWAY; DISCOVERY; PULSAR; CATALOG; EMISSION; CHANDRA; FLARES;

D O I：

10.1051/0004-6361/202039783

中图分类号：

P1 [天文学];

学科分类号：

0704 ;

摘要：

Temporal variability in flux and spectral shape is ubiquitous in the X-ray sky and carries crucial information about the nature and emission physics of the sources. The EPIC instrument on board the XMM-Newton observatory is the most powerful tool for studying variability even in faint sources. Each day, it collects a large amount of information about hundreds of new serendipitous sources, but the resulting huge (and growing) dataset is largely unexplored in the time domain. The project called Exploring the X-ray transient and variable sky (EXTraS) systematically extracted all temporal domain information in the XMM-Newton archive. This included a search and characterisation of variability, both periodic and aperiodic, in hundreds of thousands of sources spanning more than eight orders of magnitude in timescale and six orders of magnitude in flux, and a search for fast transients that were missed by standard image analysis. All results, products, and software tools have been released to the community in a public archive. A science gateway has also been implemented to allow users to run the EXTraS analysis remotely on recent XMM datasets. We give details on the new algorithms that were designed and implemented to perform all steps of EPIC data analysis, including data preparation, source and background modelling, generation of time series and power spectra, and search for and characterisation of different types of variabilities. We describe our results and products and give information about their basic statistical properties and advice on their usage. We also describe available online resources. The EXTraS database of results and its ancillary products is a rich resource for any kind of investigation in almost all fields of astrophysics. Algorithms and lessons learnt from our project are also a very useful reference for any current and future experiment in the time domain.

引用

页数：39

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