Decentralized Optimal Control of Electric Vehicles for Primary Frequency Control in Power Systems

The large integration of electric vehicles (EVs) provides the availability of fast-reacting frequency control reserves (FCRs) to perform primary frequency control in power systems. In this work, we propose a decentralized optimal EV control approach that offers primary frequency control. At first, the optimal control problem is formulated. Then an algorithm is proposed that can iteratively solve the optimal EV control problem in a decentralized manner. The proposed approach for optimal EV control will balance the power system load and generation by minimizing the EV utilization following a generation drop. To analyze further the performance of our proposed method, we have investigated the impact of our optimal EV control on a simplified model of the Great Britain (GB) power system. The provided case studies, show that our method restores the power system frequency in a short period of time within an abrupt imbalance in supply-demand along with minimizing the EV utilization for frequency control. Moreover, we validate the robustness of the proposed controller to changes in power system parameters. To verify the performance of the proposed approach, we consider a comparison with a prior case study performed on the GB power system model. The simulation results in this paper show a satisfactory performance of the proposed method.