Carrier-resolved photo-Hall effect

The fundamental parameters of majority and minority charge carriers-including their type, density and mobility-govern the performance of semiconductor devices yet can be difficult to measure. Although the Hall measurement technique is currently the standard for extracting the properties of majority carriers, those of minority carriers have typically only been accessible through the application of separate techniques. Here we demonstrate an extension to the classic Hall measurement-a carrier-resolved photo-Hall technique-that enables us to simultaneously obtain the mobility and concentration of both majority and minority carriers, as well as the recombination lifetime, diffusion length and recombination coefficient. This is enabled by advances in a.c.-field Hall measurement using a rotating parallel dipole line system and an equation, Delta mu(H) = d(sigma H-2)/d sigma, which relates the hole-electron Hall mobility difference (Delta mu(H)), the conductivity (sigma) and the Hall coefficient (H). We apply this technique to various solar absorbers-including high-performance lead-iodide-based perovskites-and demonstrate simultaneous access to majority and minority carrier parameters and map the results against varying light intensities. This information, which is buried within the photo-Hall measurement(1,2), had remained inaccessible since the original discovery of the Hall effect in 1879(3). The simultaneous measurement of majority and minority carriers should have broad applications, including in photovoltaics and other optoelectronic devices.