Ocean acidification but not elevated spring warming threatens a European seas predator

Ocean acidification has the potential to negatively affect marine ecosystems by influencing the development and metabolism of key members of food webs. The garfish, Belone belone, is an ecologically important predator in European regional seas and it remains unknown how this species will be impacted by projected changes in climate. We artificially fertilized and reared garfish embryos until hatch at present (400 mu atm) and future (1300 mu atm) pCO(2) levels within three temperature treatments, i.e. two daily warming regimes and one constant high temperature (17 degrees C). For the two warming treatments, embryos were fertilized at 13 degrees C and experienced 0.1 or 0.3 degrees C/day warming. The 0.1 degrees C/day treatment served as control: 13 degrees C was the in situ temperature of parental fish in the Southwest Baltic Sea and 0.1 degrees C/day is the average warming rate experienced by embryos of this population in nature. Survival was drastically reduced at both future pCO(2) and at the constant high temperature while the highest survival in any treatment was observed at 0.3 degrees C/day warming. The proportion of embryos with morphological deformities increased with elevated pCO(2) but not temperature. Hatch characteristics and physiological measures such as heart rate and critical thermal ranges, however, were not affected by pCO(2) but were influenced by temperature. Our results suggest that garfish in the Baltic Sea will benefit from projected increased rates of spring warming but not the concomitant increase in pCO(2). Previous studies on the impacts of ocean acidification on resident fishes in the Baltic Sea indicate that this piscivorous fish is at higher risk compared to its prey which may have broader implications for the future trophodynamic structure and function of the coastal food web. (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.