Landscape restoration: Moving from generalities to methodologies

Large-scale, landscape-level restoration actions are widely implemented but receive little attention from academic ecologists. We review the methods used to assess the role of these processes in past studies, and suggest ways to use past and ongoing restoration activities to increase our understanding of large-scale processes and improve restoration projects. To make better use of past restoration, we recommend the use of a number of alternative analytical approaches that have become widely applied in conservation biology and wildlife management but have yet to be adopted in restoration ecology.