Survival and Kidney Outcomes of Children with an Early Diagnosis of Posterior Urethral Valves

Background and objectivesPosterior urethral valve is the most common cause of bladder outlet obstruction in infants. We aimed to describe the rate and timing of kidney-related and survival outcomes for children diagnosed with posterior urethral valves in United States children?s hospitals using the Pediatric Health Information System database.Design, setting, participants, & measurementsThis retrospective cohort study included children hospitalized between January 1, 1992 and December 31, 2006, who were in their first year of life, had a diagnosis of congenital urethral stenosis, and underwent endoscopic valve ablation or urinary drainage intervention, or died. Records were searched up to December 31, 2018 for kidney-related mortality, placement of a dialysis catheter, and kidney transplantation. Cox regression analysis was used to identify risk factors, and Kaplan?Meier survival analysis used to determine time-to-event probability. Subgroup survival analysis was performed with outcomes stratified by the strongest identified risk factor.ResultsIncluded were 685 children hospitalized at a median age of 7 (interquartile range, 1?37) days. Thirty four children (5%) died, over half during their initial hospitalization. Pulmonary hypoplasia was the strongest risk factor for death (hazard ratio, 7.5; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 3.3 to 17.0). Ten-year survival probability was 94%. Fifty-nine children (9%) underwent one or more dialysis catheter placements. Children with kidney dysplasia had over four-fold risk of dialysis catheter placement (hazard ratio, 4.6; 95% CI, 2.6 to 8.1). Thirty-six (7%) children underwent kidney transplant at a median age of 3 (interquartile range, 2?8) years. Kidney dysplasia had a nine-fold higher risk of kidney transplant (hazard ratio, 9.5; 95% CI, 4.1 to 22.2).ConclusionsPatients in this multicenter cohort with posterior urethral valves had a 5% risk of death, and were most likely to die during their initial hospitalization. Risk of death was higher with a diagnosis of pulmonary hypoplasia. Kidney dysplasia was associated with a higher risk of need for dialysis/transplant.