Rocking-chair batteries based on LiMn2O4 and V6O13

Lithium manganese oxide, LiMn2O4 and vanadium oxide, V6O13, have long been regarded as viable cathodes for rechargeable lithium batteries. The high operating voltage of LiMn2O4, 4 V versus Li, combined with the 2.3 V (versus Li/Li+) average voltage of the V6O13 system gives the possibility of a rocking-chair battery with a 1.5 V average operating voltage and good cycling capabilities. In this work, the feasibility of such a rocking chair is demonstrated. Electrochemical investigations were undertaken on cells incorporating a reference electrode. The corresponding rocking-chair cells exhibit good capacity retention and long-cycle life. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science S.A.