Nutrient inputs through submarine groundwater discharge in an embayment: A radon investigation in Daya Bay, China

Daya Bay, a semi-closed bay of the South China Sea, is famous for its aquaculture, agriculture and tourism. Although routine environmental investigations in the bay have been conducted since the early 1980s, evaluations of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD), an important process in exchange between groundwater and coastal seawater, and its environmental impacts have never been reported. In this study, naturally occurring radon isotope (Rn-222) was measured continuously at two sites (north-west and middle-east sites) and used as a tracer to estimate SGD and associated nutrient inputs into the bay. The SGD rates estimated based on the Rn-222 mass balance model were, on average, 28.2 cm/d at north-west site and 30.9 cm/d at middle-east site. The large SGD rate at middle-east site may be due to the large tidal amplitude and the sandy component with high permeability in sediments. The SGD-driven nutrient fluxes, which were calculated as the product of SGD flux and the difference of nutrient concentrations between coastal groundwater and seawater, were 3.28 x 10(5) mol/d for dissolved nitrates (NO3-N), 5.84 x 10(3) mol/d for dissolved inorganic phosphorous (DIP), and 8.97 x 10(5) mol/d for reactive silicate (Si). These nutrient inputs are comparable to or even higher than those supplied by local rivers. In addition, these SGD-driven nutrients have a nitrogen-phosphorous ratio as high as 43, which may significantly affect the ecology of coastal waters and lead to frequent occurrence of harmful algal blooms. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.