A new and sensitive method for measuring in vivo and in vitro cytotoxicity in earthworm coelomocytes by flow cytometry

This study describes a new and sensitive method for measuring the in vivo and in vitro cytotoxicity of 2 earthworm species, Eisenia andrei and Perionyx excavatus, exposed to copper. Specifically, we measured the number of coelomocyte cells that were affected by copper following in vivo and in vitro exposure by flow cytometry, after calcein acetoxymethyl ester (calcein-AM) staining. We found that the coelomocyte viability of both earthworm species was noticeably reduced in the in vivo cytotoxicity test at concentrations of 100 mg/kg copper in dry soil. However, pathological symptoms, such as mucous secretion and bleeding, swelling, thinning, and fragmentation, and burrowing symptoms were not evident following exposure to copper levels of <400 mg/kg dry soil. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that calcein-AM is a more sensitive test of earthworm coelomocyte cytotoxicity compared to the traditional individual level toxicity test. Therefore, this test could be used to detect low levels of metal contamination in soils. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.