Green lacewings, including Chrysoperia rufilabris (Burmeister) and Ceraeochrysa cubana (Hagen), are predators of small, soft-bodied insects including whiteflies. The silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring [formerly B, tabaci (Gennadius) strain B], is an important pest of agronomic, vegetable and ornamental crops. Practical use of these lacewings as biological control agents would be facilitated by better understanding of their responses to both biorational (selective) and broad-spectrum insecticides. The topical and residual toxicity of azadirachtin (Azatin-EC(TM)), insecticidal soap (M-Pede(TM)), paraffinic oil (Sunspray Ultra-Fine Spray Oil(TM)) and the pyrethroid bifenthrin (Brigade(TM)) to eggs, larvae and adults of the lacewings were studied in the laboratory. Larvae of C. cubana were much more tolerant to residues of bifenthrin than was C. rufilabris and were somewhat more tolerant to topically applied soap. At normal field concentrations, azadirachtin (0.005%, by wt a.i.), paraffinic oil (1.0% by volume) and soap (1.0% by volume) were not toxic to larvae or adults of either species either topically or residually. Oil was toxic topically to eggs but azadirachtin and soap were not. Bifenthrin was toxic topically and residually to larvae and adults but was not so toxic to eggs as was oil. Thus, selectivity of all materials tested was relative to lacewing species and lifestage. The relative tolerance to insecticide residues exhibited by C. cubana larvae may be related to its trash-carrying habit, suggesting that use of trash-carrying chrysopids in place of non-trash carriers for augmentative biological control would increase options for non-disruptive chemical intervention when necessary.
